On 20 August 1897, in Secunderabad, Ronald Ross made his landmark discovery.
While dissecting the stomach tissue of an anopheline mosquito fed four
days previously on a malarious patient, he found the malaria parasite
and went on to prove the role of
Anopheles mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria parasites in humans. (http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/ross.html)
On August 16th female Anopheles mosquitoes were fed on his malaria patient, Husein
Khan. That evening he wrote to his wife: " I have
found another kind of mosquito with which I am now
experimenting, and hope for more satisfactory
results with it ". On the 17th he dissected two of
these mosquitoes but found nothing unusual. On the
19th he killed another and found " some peculiar
vacuolated cells in the stomach about 10 microns
in diameter ". He thought little about them and
was rather disheartened at his results with the
new species. On August 2oth, a dull, hot day, Ross
went to the hospital at 7 a.m., examined his
patients, dealt with his correspondence and had a
hurried breakfast in the mess. One of his
mosquitoes had died and this he dissected without
noting anything significant. He had two mosquitoes
left of the batch fed on Husein Khan on the 16th
and at about 1 p.m. he determined to sacrifice
one. Dissecting it he scrutinized the tissues
micron by micron, when suddenly, in the stomach
wall he "saw a clear and almost perfectly circular
outline before me of about 12 microns in diameter.
The outline was much too sharp, the cell too small
to be an ordinary stomach-cell of a mosquito. I
looked a little further. Here was another and
another exactly similar cell ". He changed the
focus of his microscope and there within each of
these new cells was a cluster of black pigment. He
made rough drawings in his notebook, sealed his
specimen, went home to tea and slept solidly for
an hour. The pigment puzzled him, for the flagella
contained no pigment, but the thought struck him
that if the cells were really parasites they
should grow in size in the last remaining mosquito
during the night. He spent the night in agony lest
his last remaining mosquito should die and
decompose before morning. Next day he slew and
dissected, with shaking hand, this remaining
specimen. There were the cells again, twenty-one
of them, just as before, only now much larger . .
. The cells were therefore parasites, and, as they
contained the characteristic malarial pigment,
were almost certainly the malaria parasites
growing in the mosquito's tissues. The thing was
really done.
Next morning,
after writing to his wife, Ross scribbled in a
note book:
This day
designing God
Hath put into my hand
A wonderous thing. And God
He praised. At his command
I have found thy secret deeds
Oh million-murdering Death.
I know that this little thing
A million men will save
Oh death where is thy sting?
Thy victory oh grave?
All this he
reported soberly in a letter to Manson dated
August 22nd,
http://dna.kdna.ucla.edu/parasite_course-old/malaria_files/subchapters/historical.htm
Hmmm, peristiwa ini dapat menginspirasi kita untuk membuktikan berbagai spesies nyamuk Anopheles di daerah endemis malaria apakah potensial untuk menularkan malaria.
BalasHapusCaranya
1. Mencari kasus malaria yang positif gametosit.
2. Mencari larva nyamuk Anopheles di berbagai habitat di sekitar kasus
3. Memelihara larva di insektarium sampai menjadi pupa
4. Memindahkan pupa ke dalam sangkar nyamuk
5. Memelihara nyamuk dengan pakan sukrosa 10% sampai umur 5-7 hari
6. Membagi nyamuk betina ke dalam sangkar silindris menjadi dua kelompok
7. Nyamuk kelompok I melalui membran feeding diberi pakan darah positif gametosit, sedangkan nyamuk kelompok II diberi pakan darah orang sehat yang terbukti negatif gametosit.
8. Memelihara nyamuk di dalam kotak stereofoam
9. Pada hari ke-4 dan 5, sebagian nyamuk diisolasi lambungnya dan diidentifikasi keberadaan oosistanya.
10. Pada hari ke 8-15 sebagian nyamuk diisolasi kelenjar salivanya dan diidentifikasi keberadaan sporozoitnya di bawah dissecting microscope.
11. Pada hari ke-15 nyamuk yang tersisa dan nyamuk kelompok kontrol diisolasi caput dan toraksnya untuk dideteksi circum sporozoit proteinnya dengan metode sandwich ELISA.
10. Pada hari ke-8 sampai dengan 15 sebagian nyamuk dibedah toraksnya
Nyamuk yang akan diisolasi lambung dan salivanya perlu diidentifikasi spesiesnya. Jika anda ingin belajar cara identifikasi nyamuk, ikutan yuk workshop yang diadakan oleh APNI Jogja bekerjasama dengan B2P2VRP di Bagian Parasitologi FK UGM. Fasilitas berupa buku untuk identifikasi nyamuk terbaru, seperangkar alat penyedot jentik (Gamadotik) dan 1 CD berisi panduan untuk deteksi virus dengue pada nyamuk Aedes.
BalasHapusWorkshop insyaAllah dilaksanakan pada 19 Agustus 2015 di Auditorium dan Gedung Radioputro. Lantai IV, Bagian Parasitologi FK UGM. Kuota maksimal 80 0rang yang terbagi menjadi dua kelompok. Workshop insyaAllah dibuka pada pukul 08.30 dan dimulai pukul 09.00. Ketika kelompok I mengikuti workshop identifikasi spesies nyamuk dari pukul 09.00 sampai 12.00, maka pada saat yang sama di ruangan lain kelompok II mengikuti workshop pengembangan suveillans dan pengendalian vektor DBD menggunakan gamadotik, dilanjutkan dengan penayangan audio visual CD mengenai teknik imunohistokimia untuk deteksi virus dengue pada nyamuk Aedes spp. Selanjutnya pada pukul 13.00 -16.00 Kelompok I mengikuti workshop dengan materi yang telah diikuti oleh kelompok II, dan kelompok II mengikuti workshop dengan materi yang telah diikuti oleh kelompok I. Workshop insyaAllah ditutup pukul 16.00 WIB. Snack pagi, makan siang, dan snack sore insyaAllah disediakan paniia.
BalasHapus